Reading+1

=Great Bertha= =Reading log 1 - Using Mathematical Models to Study the Dispersion of Exotic Marine Species =

 __Before reading__  1. Mathematics 2. Animals 3. Ocean 4. Models 5. Marine 6. Species 7. Exotic 8. Studies 9. Biology 10. Aplications
 * Read the tilte and list 10 words you think you might find in the text.

*How can you use math applied to biology. Mention one thing you can think of. --> The molecules of DNA possess geometric forms in his structure, which come from the mathematics for having certain quantity of sides, vertices, angles, etc.

*What do you know about jelly fish? What kind of fish is it? If you don't know, find out, cut and paste an image of this fish. Please acknowledge the source. --> Probably the term of jelly fish I do not know it in English, nevertheless I found the following thing: The jellyfish in these groups are also called, respectively, scyphomedusae, stauromedusae, cubomedusae, and hydromedusae; //**medusa**// is another word for //jellyfish//, and as such is used to refer specifically to the adult stage of the life cycle. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish  --> The definition of dispersion includes many branches, such it is the case of the physics, chemistry, geology, finance, etc. Nevertheless, a concept in the mathematical area would be, the degree of distancing of a set of values with regard to his average value.
 * Jellyfish** (also known as **jellies** or **sea jellies**) are free-swimming members of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish have several different morphologies that represent several different cnidarian classes including the Scyphozoa (over 200 species), Staurozoa (about 50 species), Cubozoa (about 20 species), and Hydrozoa (about 1000–1500 species that make jellyfish and many more that
 * What is dispersion? If you don't know, find out, please acknowledge the source.

__While Reading and After Reading__  1. Click on the following link so that you can read the article. [] 2. Try to locate the words you though you were going to find in the text (question 1 before reading) List the words you found I found the next words: models, exotic, marine, species, mathematics, ocean and study.  3. Find what the following referents in bold letters refer to in the text: --> The referent "these", it refers in this case to the species of jellyfish as Aurelia. --> The referent which, refers in this case to the world-wode dispersal. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">--> The referent this foreign water, refers in this case to the stability????. --> The referent its contents, refers in this case to the foreign water. --> The referent its, refers in this case to the computer model. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">--> The referent from that which happens, refers in this case to the marine species organism. <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> 4. What is happening with the fish? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">-> The Jellyfish dispersed or emigrated to other maritime environments around the world, especially the coast, to turn affected by the navigation and the international trade. <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> 5. What explanation scientists had given? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">--> According to the investigators of the school of mathematics and statistics, UNSW, the Jellyfish could not have emigrated in a natural way but yes to turn affected by the navigation and the international trade, in addition they emigrated for the water of ballast of the ships that was generating changes in the genetics of the Jellyfish.
 * <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The species of Jellyfish studied are known as Aurelia and **these** are found over much of the world’s temperate oceans.
 * <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">By simulating the movement of the jellyfish over a 7,000-year period the study provides strong evidence that the world-wide dispersal post-dates European global shipping and trade, **which** began almost 500 years ago.
 * <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ships take in water for stability before a voyage and, despite preventative measures such as mid-ocean exchange/ flushing, **this 'foreign' water** and **its contents** can find its way into bays and harbours at the ships destination.
 * <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The computer model could answer similar questions about the migration and introduction of any suspected non-native marine creatures, according to **its** developers Professor Matthew England and Alex Sen Gupta.
 * <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now we have a tool that can include data on currents, geography and the biology of an organism to help separate natural dispersal **from that which happens** through shipping and trade

6. What did mathematicians find out? What does the formula explain? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">--> The investigators developed a global model of Lagrange with own characteristics of the life cycle of the jellyfish, to be able to investigate his dispersion on multiple time scales of century. For it, they used the life cycle of the jellyfish, the climate and the ocean. For every experiment they used the virtual version of 20.000 larvas of the jellyfish moon and the following formula: <span style="color: #0077ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

In the formula: - Xt is the position of jellyfish of the moon in the time of t. - U is the speed of the current - t is the time - Rn is the random normal distributed number Kh: rate of lateral mixture - Cmix is the mixture of tide near the coast. In conclusion, the model together with the formula they show the results on a global map of dispersion, the biological processes like limits of temperatures, the mortality, and the reestablishment of the jellyfish.